A Critical Analysis of the Communist Manifesto

The Communist Manifesto was composed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which contained the entirety of the thoughts and presumptions by Marx. The Communist Manifesto had the option to move various thinkers and theorists.And as it was distributed at the stature of the political unrest in Europe, it likewise filled in as a motor for some transformations that occurred inside the previous century. Subsequently, following the distribution of the Communist Manifesto, it enlivened various upsets to topple the ascent of Capitalism, especially in Russia and China (â€Å"The Communist Manifesto,† n.p).The compositions by Marx and Engels which made the principle precepts in the Communist Manifesto affected unrests not by simply minor disturbance through composition; rather they powered progressive gatherings by standing up to the entrepreneur powers through the powers of the low classes. They found the uncommon job of the working classes, who they accepted were equipped for ousting the i ndustrialist class (â€Å"The Communist Manifesto,† n.p).The Communist Manifesto is focused on class battle and proceeding with threats in the general public. This as indicated by the Manifesto, class battle spins between the bourgeoisie and the proletarians †the oppressor and the mistreated; the couple of and many. Thus, the Manifesto predicts the likely methods of wiping out mistreatment by annulling the essential factors that impel persecution †model: private property †which will in the long run lead towards toppling the bourgeosie (â€Å"The Communist Manifesto,† n.p).In understanding with this interest, Marx drafted the Communist Manifesto guided by Historical Dialectical Materialism so as to call attention to the issues that had been expending the general public. Utilizing this guide, he anticipated the progressions that could occur in the general public as the method of creation changes gradually.And these progressions will turn into the motor for a progressive oust of the current ruling class. What's more, as private enterprise will arrive at its pinnacle, it will get soaked and will inevitably meet its downfall under the authority of the proletariats.The Pursuit of a Stateless SocietyConsequently, Marx noted forecasts on a few factors that will help manufacture a stateless society. This incorporates: (1) requirement of dynamic tax collection. (2) abrogation of legacy, (3) evening out of wages and (4) the shared appointment of terrains. In view of these things, Marx imagined a stateless society wherein hostilities among classes can be eliminated.However, there are different sides that are to be viewed if the general public ought to be changed. There are explicit levels wherein a nation should adapt to so as to adequately complete these sorts of changes which can end up being helpful for the citizens.Different nations may respond on specific conditions if things are to be forced on them. Also, there ought to be lucidity of t he potential results that it might bring. Specifically, socialist nations had decayed and has separated in the last decades.None of the socialist nations have continued its backbone, specifically, China and Russia. What's more, for the instance of Cuba, their reality in the socialist domain has filled in for instance to no one.For the Communists, particularly for Marx, a stateless society implied the foundation of a raunchy society and rendering regular responsibility for the methods for creations. It likewise involves impartial appropriation of pay among the residents. Be that as it may, it requires various procedures and cycles that are to be attempted so as to accomplish it. Thus, the variables referenced above are the firsts on the rundown in achieving a raunchy society.As such, however these elements that Marx referenced in the Manifesto may contribute significantly towards the fulfillment of a stateless society, they may have negative ramifications in the society.There are sti ll drawbacks that are inferable with these means that may have direct impact in the development and improvement of the general public, and furthermore lies the likelihood that it might serve hindering results for them. Along these lines, these approaches ought to be broke down to evaluate their sensibility and sufficiency on the off chance that they can be valuable to the individuals in general.Thesis and ArgumentThe motivation behind this paper is cautiously investigate the substance of the Manifesto, specifically, the four estimates that Marx proposed towards achieving a stateless society. In this way, the proposal of this paper is to demonstrate that there are foes that might be caused if those measures will be utilized. What's more, that the sensibility of each measure relies upon the potential results that might be gotten from it.Hence, the contentions rotate on three equal thoughts: (1) these measures whenever utilized, however may accelerate the way toward achieving a statele ss society, may likewise hinder social, political and financial development; (2) unexpectedly, however a stateless society points towards disposing of class hostilities, these four measures mentioned.Considerably builds the hole between the low classes and the bourgeosie by the purposeful negligence of the bourgeosie class; and (3) given the unselfish want from the Manifesto to annihilate neediness, the standards introduced through these measures were extremely hopeful and idealistic, thus may render these wrong and not practical for the greater part of the countries.Progressive TaxationProgressive tax assessment is one of the twelve estimates that Communism proposed to uphold. Dynamic tax collection is a framework wherein charge rates are forced dependent on the monetary status and prosperity of the individual to be burdened. The assessment rates are recognized by the capacity of a person to pay. Basically, on the off chance that an individual gains large, at that point he will be exposed to higher duty rates; a similar way that an individual who acquires little will be burdened by his ability to pay (Lakoff and Budner, n.p).For the promoters of Communism, progresive tax assessment can give redistribution of capital, which they accept can additionally rush the way toward wiping out class battle. Through this, it is accepted that redistributing the taxation rate towards the individuals who can bear to pay can settle the progression of capital, and the economy consequently. What's more, progresive tax assessment likewise fills in as a checking gadget to restrict procurement of private property.Furthermore, progresive tax collection facilitates the weight for the individuals who can't pay empowering them to designate a bigger segment of their salary for their family's fundamental needs. In this way, dynamic tax assessment for the Communists render people to have an increasingly evenhanded result so they can make the most out of the their rewards for all the hard work (â€Å"Capitalism, Socialism and Communism,† n.p).Although there are sure advantages that are achievable through dynamic tax collection, in like manner there are drawbacks of it. There are people who consider this sort of expense strategy as prejudicial and inefficient.Progressive tax collection is oppressive in such away that the individuals who work more earnestly gets more constrained on making good on higher charges; while the individuals who don't work and endeavor enough are being exposed to get government endowments and privileges.In expansion, it provides food wastefulness in the way burdens are being forced on people, while enduring salary misappropriation packaged by the State'sâ purposeful impedance which is then interpreted in the resident's dread of intersection the edges among majority rules system and fascism. (â€Å"Few Words on the Nature of Taxation.† n.p).Thus, as dynamic tax assessment can in fact kill class battle and upgrade the capacity t o make a stateless society through evenhanded sharing of expense commitments, it likewise tackles the one-sided nature of the Communist government in their tendency towards the poor.â Though it is objective and sensible to force burdens on people who have higher ability to pay, certain contemplations are additionally should be given.

5 Types of Eponyms

5 Types of Eponyms 5 Types of Eponyms 5 Types of Eponyms By Mark Nichol People so as often as possible find appropriate names the names of explicit individuals, spots, or things to be so valuable for depicting conventional articles or ideas or characteristics that they co-pick the correct names, here and there promoted, and at times lowercased. Here are only a portion of the endless models in English: 1. Item Eponyms Pervasive, showcase characterizing item names regularly to the alarm of the organizations that advertise them every now and again enter the vernacular (in lowercase structure) to depict any item in that class. Among these are ibuprofen, kleenex, and xerox, however other, all the more astounding models incorporate elevator, heroin, and zipper. In the United Kingdom (yet not in the United States), biro and hoover are eponymous terms for pens and vacuum cleaners, individually. 2. Chronicled and Geographical Eponyms Eponyms show up in the names of numerous geopolitical elements (Europe, Colombia, San Francisco) and land or nautical areas (Tasmania, the Bering Sea), either acknowledging an individual for their revelation or in any case connecting them with an individual or an embodiment. Recorded figures loan their names to thoughts related with them: The words blacklist, extremist, quisling, and sandwich all get from individual names (yet are lowercased). Such is likewise the situation with draconian, luxurious, pyrrhic, and so forth. Be that as it may, political developments or methods of reasoning, or verifiable periods, joined to characters are uppercased: Reagonomics, Victorian. Different assortments of individuals are related with appropriate names for areas. These, by and large lowercased, incorporate bohemian, lesbian, and philistine. In like manner, a few names of ethnic gatherings have comparably gotten related to (regularly contrary) individual characteristics, prompting references, fluidly uppercased or lowercased, to being welshed (or welched) on or getting your Irish up, for instance. (The main word in â€Å"scot-free,† on the other hand, doesn't allude to the Scottish.) Well known individuals have likewise been related with things or parts of dress, or material, which are lowercased: blossomer, cardigan, raglan. Moreover, slang words can be gotten from genuine individuals, for example, the action word bogart, or â€Å"Mae West,† the onetime epithet for an actual existence vest. 3. Abstract Eponyms Anecdotal characters regularly bring out such solid characteristics that we appoint their names to those characteristics: faustian, unrealistic. We likewise allude to individuals who display characteristics of artistic characters by straightforwardly partner them, for example, when we consider somebody a Casanova, a Romeo, or a Svengali (holding beginning capitalization), however some other such terms, for example, lothario, are lowercased. Narrators with a recognizable quality have given their names (with beginning capitalization unblemished) to abstract analysis for the reasons for similarity, as in Dickensian (proposing sensational neediness, capricious characters, or cheer), Homeric (epic), and Proustian (bringing out close to home recollections). Books named after the hero (Jane Eyre) and record collections distinguished by the musician’s or band’s name (David Bowie, The Beach Boys) are eponymic. 4. Legendary Eponyms Legendary characters additionally move eponyms, which for the most part hold introductory capital letters: We allude to the Midas contact, to somebody being a Hercules or a Venus, or an Achilles’ heel (customarily, this possessive structure does exclude a s after the punctuation). Be that as it may, we lowercase closely resembling terms, for example, fabrication and gorgon, just as map book, sexual, and odyssey. (What's more, don’t overlook, or confound, Tantalus and Sisyphus: Fortunately, their eponymous descriptors, enticing and Sisyphean note the distinction in capitalization are obviously particular.) 5. Logical Eponyms In science, researchers and designers are frequently regarded for their work by having their names doled out (in lowercase structure) to allude to units of logical estimation, as in the instances of Rudolf Diesel, Alessandro Volta, and James Watt, or to forms (galvanism) or techniques (calculation). Moreover, botanists are deified by having their (lowercased) names united onto classification for plants, similarly as with dahlia, magnolia, and poinsettia. Advancements and revelations are additionally regularly named after their pioneers or popularizers: â€Å"Avogadro’s number,† â€Å"Alzheimer’s disease.† Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Vocabulary class, check our famous posts, or pick a related post below:20 Great Opening Lines to Inspire the Start of Your Story80 Idioms with the Word TimeI wish I were...

50 Must-Read Contemporary Essay Collections (Its a Truth Buffet!)

50 Must-Read Contemporary Essay Collections (Its a Truth Buffet!) I feel like essay collections dont get enough credit. Theyre so wonderful! Theyre like short story collections, but TRUE. Its like going to a truth buffet. You can get information about sooooo many topics, sometimes in one single book! To prove that there are a zillion amazing essay collections out there, I compiled 50 great contemporary essay collections, just from the last 18 months alone.   Ranging in topics from food, nature, politics, sex, celebrity, and more, there is something here for everyone! Ive included a brief description from the publisher with each title. Tell us in the comments about which of these you’ve read or other contemporary essay collections that you love. There are a LOT of them. Yay, books! Must-Read Contemporary Essay Collections They Cant Kill Us Until They Kill Us  by  Hanif Abdurraqib In an age of confusion, fear, and loss, Hanif Willis-Abdurraqibs is a voice that matters. Whether hes attending a Bruce Springsteen concert the day after visiting Michael Browns grave, or discussing public displays of affection at a Carly Rae Jepsen show, he writes with a poignancy and magnetism that resonates profoundly. Would Everybody Please Stop?: Reflections on Life and Other Bad Ideas  by  Jenny Allen Jenny Allen’s musings range fluidly from the personal to the philosophical. She writes with the familiarity of someone telling a dinner party anecdote, forgoing decorum for candor and comedy. To read  Would Everybody Please Stop?  is to experience life with imaginative and incisive humor. Longthroat Memoirs: Soups, Sex and Nigerian Taste Buds  by  Yemisi Aribisala A sumptuous menu of essays about Nigerian cuisine, lovingly presented by the nations top epicurean writer. As well as a mouth-watering appraisal of Nigerian food,  Longthroat Memoirs  is a series of love letters to the Nigerian palate. From the cultural history of soup, to fish as aphrodisiac and the sensual allure of snails,  Longthroat Memoirs  explores the complexities, the meticulousness, and the tactile joy of Nigerian gastronomy. Beyond Measure: Essays  by  Rachel Z. Arndt Beyond Measure  is a fascinating exploration of the rituals, routines, metrics and expectations through which we attempt to quantify and ascribe value to our lives. With mordant humor and penetrating intellect, Arndt casts her gaze beyond event-driven narratives to the machinery underlying them: judo competitions measured in weigh-ins and wait times; the significance of the elliptical’s stationary churn; the rote scripts of dating apps; the stupefying sameness of the daily commute. Magic Hours  by  Tom Bissell Award-winning essayist Tom Bissell explores the highs and lows of the creative process. He takes us from the set of  The Big Bang Theory  to the first novel of Ernest Hemingway to the final work of David Foster Wallace; from the films of Werner Herzog to the film of Tommy Wiseau to the editorial meeting in which Paula Foxs work was relaunched into the world. Originally published in magazines such as  The Believer,  The New Yorker, and  Harpers, these essays represent ten years of Bissells best writing on every aspect of creationâ€"be it Iraq War documentaries or video-game character voicesâ€"and will provoke as much thought as they do laughter. Dead Girls: Essays on Surviving an American Obsession  by  Alice Bolin In this poignant collection, Alice Bolin examines iconic American works from the essays of Joan Didion and James Baldwin to  Twin Peaks, Britney Spears, and  Serial, illuminating the widespread obsession with women who are abused, killed, and disenfranchised, and whose bodies (dead and alive) are used as props to bolster men’s stories. Smart and accessible, thoughtful and heartfelt, Bolin investigates the implications of our cultural fixations, and her own role as a consumer and creator. Betwixt-and-Between: Essays on the Writing Life  by  Jenny Boully Jenny Boully’s essays are ripe with romance and sensual pleasures, drawing connections between the digression, reflection, imagination, and experience that characterizes falling in love as well as the life of a writer. Literary theory, philosophy, and linguistics rub up against memory, dreamscapes, and fancy, making the practice of writing a metaphor for the illusory nature of experience.  Betwixt and Between  is, in many ways, simply a book about how to live. Wedding Toasts Ill Never Give by  Ada Calhoun In  Wedding Toasts I’ll Never Give, Ada Calhoun presents an unflinching but also loving portrait of her own marriage, opening a long-overdue conversation about the institution as it truly is: not the happy ending of a love story or a relic doomed by high divorce rates, but the beginning of a challenging new chapter of which the first twenty years are the hardest.' How to Write an Autobiographical Novel: Essays  by  Alexander Chee How to Write an Autobiographical Novel  is the author’s manifesto on the entangling of life, literature, and politics, and how the lessons learned from a life spent reading and writing fiction have changed him. In these essays, he grows from student to teacher, reader to writer, and reckons with his identities as a son, a gay man, a Korean American, an artist, an activist, a lover, and a friend. He examines some of the most formative experiences of his life and the nation’s history, including his father’s death, the AIDS crisis, 9/11, the jobs that supported his writingâ€"Tarot-reading, bookselling, cater-waiting for William F. Buckleyâ€"the writing of his first novel,  Edinburgh,  and the election of Donald Trump. Too Much and Not the Mood: Essays  by  Durga Chew-Bose Too Much and Not the Mood is a beautiful and surprising exploration of what it means to be a first-generation, creative young woman working today. On April 11, 1931, Virginia Woolf ended her entry in A Writer’s Diary with the words too much and not the mood to describe her frustration with placating her readers, what she described as the cramming in and the cutting out. She wondered if she had anything at all that was truly worth saying. The attitude of that sentiment inspired Durga Chew-Bose to gather own writing in this lyrical collection of poetic essays that examine personhood and artistic growth. Drawing inspiration from a diverse group of incisive and inquiring female authors, Chew-Bose captures the inner restlessness that keeps her always on the brink of creative expression. We Were Eight Years in Power: An American Tragedy  by  Ta-Nehisi Coates We were eight years in power was the lament of Reconstruction-era black politicians as the American experiment in multiracial democracy ended with the return of white supremacist rule in the South. In this sweeping collection of new and selected essays, Ta-Nehisi Coates explores the tragic echoes of that history in our own time: the unprecedented election of a black president followed by a vicious backlash that fueled the election of the man Coates argues is America’s first white president.' Look Alive Out There: Essays by  Sloane Crosley In  Look Alive Out There,  whether its scaling active volcanoes, crashing shivas, playing herself on  Gossip Girl,  befriending swingers, or squinting down the barrel of the fertility gun, Crosley continues to rise to the occasion with unmatchable nerve and electric one-liners. And as her subjects become more serious, her essays deliver not just laughs but lasting emotional heft and insight. Crosley has taken up the gauntlets thrown by her predecessorsâ€"Dorothy Parker, Nora Ephron, David Sedarisâ€"and crafted something rare, affecting, and true. Flâneuse: Women Walk the City in Paris, New York, Tokyo, Venice, and London  by  Lauren Elkin Part cultural meander, part memoir,  Flâneuse  takes us on a distinctly cosmopolitan jaunt that begins in New York, where Elkin grew up, and transports us to Paris via Venice, Tokyo, and London, all cities in which she’s lived. We are shown the paths beaten by such  flâneuses  as the cross-dressing nineteenth-century novelist George Sand, the Parisian artist Sophie Calle, the wartime correspondent Martha Gellhorn, and the writer Jean Rhys. With tenacity and insight, Elkin creates a mosaic of what urban settings have meant to women, charting through literature, art, history, and film the sometimes exhilarating, sometimes fraught relationship that women have with the metropolis. Idiophone  by  Amy Fusselman Leaping from ballet to quiltmaking, from the The Nutcracker to an Annie-B Parson interview,  Idiophone  is a strikingly original meditation on risk-taking and provocation in art and a unabashedly honest, funny, and intimate consideration of art-making in the context of motherhood, and motherhood in the context of addiction. Amy Fusselman’s compact, beautifully digressive essay feels both surprising and effortless, fueled by broad-ranging curiosity, and, fundamentally, joy. Not That Bad: Dispatches from Rape Culture  by  Roxane Gay In this valuable and revealing anthology, cultural critic and bestselling author Roxane Gay collects original and previously published pieces that address what it means to live in a world where women have to measure the harassment, violence, and aggression they face, and where they are routinely second-guessed, blown off, discredited, denigrated, besmirched, belittled, patronized, mocked, shamed, gaslit, insulted, bullied for speaking out. Sunshine State: Essays  by  Sarah Gerard With the personal insight of  The Empathy Exams, the societal exposal of  Nickel and Dimed, and the stylistic innovation and intensity of her own break-out debut novel  Binary Star, Sarah Gerard’s  Sunshine State  uses the intimately personal to unearth the deep reservoirs of humanity buried in the corners of our world often hardest to face. The Art of the Wasted Day  by  Patricia Hampl The Art of the Wasted Day  is a picaresque travelogue of leisure written from a lifelong enchantment with solitude. Patricia Hampl visits the homes of historic exemplars of ease who made repose a goal, even an art form. She begins with two celebrated eighteenth-century Irish ladies who ran off to live a life of retirement in rural Wales. Her search then leads to Moravia to consider the monk-geneticist, Gregor Mendel, and finally to Bordeaux for Michel Montaigneâ€"the hero of this bookâ€"who retreated from court life to sit in his chateau tower and write about whatever passed through his mind, thus inventing the personal essay. A Really Big Lunch: The Roving Gourmand on Food and Life  by  Jim Harrison Jim Harrison’s legendary gourmandise is on full display in  A Really Big Lunch. From the titular  New Yorker  piece about a French lunch that went to thirty-seven courses, to pieces from  Brick,  Playboy, Kermit Lynch Newsletter, and more on the relationship between hunter and prey, or the obscure language of wine reviews,  A Really Big Lunch  is shot through with Harrison’s pointed aperçus and keen delight in the pleasures of the senses. And between the lines the pieces give glimpses of Harrison’s life over the last three decades.  A Really Big Lunch  is a literary delight that will satisfy every appetite. Insomniac City: New York, Oliver, and Me  by  Bill Hayes Bill Hayes came to New York City in 2009 with a one-way ticket and only the vaguest idea of how he would get by. But, at forty-eight years old, having spent decades in San Francisco, he craved change. Grieving over the death of his partner, he quickly discovered the profound consolations of the city’s incessant rhythms, the sight of the Empire State Building against the night sky, and New Yorkers themselves, kindred souls that Hayes, a lifelong insomniac, encountered on late-night strolls with his camera. Would You Rather?: A Memoir of Growing Up and Coming Out  by  Katie Heaney Here, for the first time, Katie opens up about realizing at the age of twenty-eight that she is gay. In these poignant, funny essays, she wrestles with her shifting sexuality and identity, and describes what it was like coming out to everyone she knows (and everyone she doesn’t). As she revisits her past, looking for any clues that might have predicted this outcome, Katie reveals that life doesn’t always move directly from point A to point Bâ€"no matter how much we would like it to. Tonight Im Someone Else: Essays  by  Chelsea Hodson From graffiti gangs and  Grand Theft Auto  to sugar daddies, Schopenhauer, and a deadly game of Russian roulette, in these essays, Chelsea Hodson probes her own desires to examine where the physical and the proprietary collide. She asks what our privacy, our intimacy, and our own bodies are worth in the increasingly digital world of liking, linking, and sharing. We Are Never Meeting in Real Life.: Essays  by  Samantha Irby With  We Are Never Meeting in Real Life., bitches gotta eat blogger and comedian Samantha Irby turns the serio-comic essay into an art form. Whether talking about how her difficult childhood has led to a problem in making adult budgets, explaining why she should be the new Bacheloretteâ€"shes 35-ish, but could easily pass for 60-somethingâ€"detailing a disastrous pilgrimage-slash-romantic-vacation to Nashville to scatter her estranged fathers ashes, sharing awkward sexual encounters, or dispensing advice on how to navigate friendships with former drinking buddies who are now suburban momsâ€"hang in there for the Costco lootâ€"she’s as deft at poking fun at the ghosts of her past self as she is at capturing powerful emotional truths. This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America  by  Morgan Jerkins Doubly disenfranchised by race and gender, often deprived of a place within the mostly white mainstream feminist movement, black women are objectified, silenced, and marginalized with devastating consequences, in ways both obvious and subtle, that are rarely acknowledged in our country’s larger discussion about inequality. In  This Will Be My Undoing, Jerkins becomes both narrator and subject to expose the social, cultural, and historical story of black female oppression that influences the black community as well as the white, male-dominated world at large. Everywhere Home: A Life in Essays  by  Fenton Johnson Part retrospective, part memoir, Fenton Johnsons collection  Everywhere Home: A Life in Essays  explores sexuality, religion, geography, the AIDS crisis, and more. Johnsons wanderings take him from the hills of Kentucky to those of San Francisco, from the streets of Paris to the sidewalks of Calcutta. Along the way, he investigates questions large and small: Whats the relationship between artists and museums, illuminated in a New Guinean display of shrunken heads? Whats the difference between empiricism and intuition? One Day Well All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter: Essays  by  Scaachi Koul In  One Day We’ll All Be Dead and None of This Will Matter, Scaachi Koul deploys her razor-sharp humor to share all the fears, outrages, and mortifying moments of her life. She learned from an early age what made her miserable, and for Scaachi anything can be cause for despair. Whether it’s a shopping trip gone awry; enduring awkward conversations with her bikini waxer; overcoming her fear of flying while vacationing halfway around the world; dealing with Internet trolls, or navigating the fears and anxieties of her parents. Alongside these personal stories are pointed observations about life as a woman of color: where every aspect of her appearance is open for critique, derision, or outright scorn; where strict gender rules bind in both Western and Indian cultures, leaving little room for a woman not solely focused on marriage and children to have a career (and a life) for herself. Tell Me How It Ends: An Essay in 40 Questions  by  Valeria Luiselli and jon lee anderson (translator) A damning confrontation between the American dream and the reality of undocumented children seeking a new life in the U.S. Structured around the 40 questions Luiselli translates and asks undocumented Latin American children facing deportation,  Tell Me How It Ends  (an expansion of her 2016 Freemans essay of the same name) humanizes these young migrants and highlights the contradiction between the idea of America as a fiction for immigrants and the reality of racism and fearâ€"both here and back home. All the Lives I Want: Essays About My Best Friends Who Happen to Be Famous Strangers  by  Alana Massey Mixing Didions affected cool with moments of giddy celebrity worship, Massey examines the lives of the women who reflect our greatest aspirations and darkest fears back onto us. These essays are personal without being confessional and clever in a way that invites readers into the joke. A cultural critique and a finely wrought fan letter, interwoven with stories that are achingly personal, All the Lives I Want is also an exploration of mental illness, the sex industry, and the dangers of loving too hard. Typewriters, Bombs, Jellyfish: Essays  by  Tom McCarthy Certain points of reference recur with dreamlike insistenceâ€"among them the artist Ed Ruscha’s  Royal Road Test, a photographic documentation of the roadside debris of a Royal typewriter hurled from the window of a traveling car; the great blooms of jellyfish that are filling the oceans and gumming up the machinery of commerce and military dominationâ€"and the question throughout is: How can art explode the restraining conventions of so-called realism, whether aesthetic or political, to engage in the active reinvention of the world? Nasty Women: Feminism, Resistance, and Revolution in Trumps America  by  Samhita Mukhopadhyay  and  Kate Harding When 53 percent of white women voted for Donald Trump and 94 percent of black women voted for Hillary Clinton, how can women unite in Trump’s America? Nasty Women includes inspiring essays from a diverse group of talented women writers who seek to provide a broad look at how we got here and what we need to do to move forward. Dont Call Me Princess: Essays on Girls, Women, Sex, and Life  by  Peggy Orenstein Named one of the 40 women who changed the media business in the last 40 years by  Columbia Journalism Review, Peggy Orenstein is one of the most prominent, unflinching feminist voices of our time. Her writing has broken ground and broken silences on topics as wide-ranging as miscarriage, motherhood, breast cancer, princess culture and the importance of girls’ sexual pleasure. Her unique blend of investigative reporting, personal revelation and unexpected humor has made her books bestselling classics. When You Find Out the World Is Against You: And Other Funny Memories About Awful Moments  by  Kelly Oxford Kelly Oxford likes to blow up the internet. Whether it is with the kind of Tweets that lead  Rolling Stone  to name her one of the Funniest People on Twitter or with pictures of her hilariously adorable family (human and animal) or with something much more serious, like creating the hashtag #NotOkay, where millions of women came together to share their stories of sexual assault, Kelly has a unique, razor-sharp perspective on modern life. As a screen writer, professional sh*t disturber, wife and mother of three, Kelly is about everything but the status quo. Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud: The Rise and Reign of the Unruly Woman  by  Anne Helen Petersen You know the type: the woman who won’t shut up, who’s too brazen, too opinionatedâ€"too much. She’s the unruly woman, and she embodies one of the most provocative and powerful forms of womanhood today. In  Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud, Anne Helen Petersen uses the lens of unruliness to explore the ascension of pop culture powerhouses like Lena Dunham, Nicki Minaj, and Kim Kardashian, exploring why the public loves to love (and hate) these controversial figures. With its brisk, incisive analysis,  Too Fat, Too Slutty, Too Loud  will be a conversation-starting book on what makes and breaks celebrity today. Well, That Escalated Quickly: Memoirs and Mistakes of an Accidental Activist  by  Franchesca Ramsey In her first book, Ramsey uses her own experiences as an accidental activist to explore the many ways we communicate with each otherâ€"from the highs of bridging gaps and making connections to the many pitfalls that accompany talking about race, power, sexuality, and gender in an unpredictable public space…the internet. Shrewed: A Wry and Closely Observed Look at the Lives of Women and Girls  by  Elizabeth Renzetti Drawing upon Renzetti’s decades of reporting on feminist issues,  Shrewed  is a book about feminism’s crossroads. From Hillary Clinton’s failed campaign to the quest for equal pay, from the lessons we can learn from old ladies to the future of feminism in a turbulent world, Renzetti takes a pointed, witty look at how far we’ve comeâ€"and how far we have to go. What Are We Doing Here?: Essays  by  Marilynne Robinson In this new essay collection she trains her incisive mind on our modern political climate and the mysteries of faith. Whether she is investigating how the work of great thinkers about America like Emerson and Tocqueville inform our political consciousness or discussing the way that beauty informs and disciplines daily life, Robinson’s peerless prose and boundless humanity are on full display. Double Bind: Women on Ambition  by  Robin Romm A work of courage and ferocious honesty (Diana Abu-Jaber),  Double Bind  could not come at a more urgent time. Even as major figures from Gloria Steinem to Beyoncé embrace the word feminism, the word ambition remains loaded with ambivalence. Many women see it as synonymous with strident or aggressive, yet most feel compelled to strive and achieveâ€"the seeming contradiction leaving them in a perpetual double bind. Ayana Mathis, Molly Ringwald, Roxane Gay, and a constellation of nimble thinkers . . . dismantle this maddening paradox (O, The Oprah Magazine) with candor, wit, and rage. Women who have made landmark achievements in fields as diverse as law, dog sledding, and butchery weigh in, breaking the last feminist taboo once and for all. The Destiny Thief: Essays on Writing, Writers and Life  by  Richard Russo In these nine essays, Richard Russo provides insight into his life as a writer, teacher, friend, and reader. From a commencement speech he gave at Colby College, to the story of how an oddly placed toilet made him reevaluate the purpose of humor in art and life, to a comprehensive analysis of Mark Twains value, to his harrowing journey accompanying a dear friend as she pursued gender-reassignment surgery,  The Destiny Thief  reflects the broad interests and experiences of one of Americas most beloved authors. Warm, funny, wise, and poignant, the essays included here traverse Russos writing life, expanding our understanding of who he is and how his singular, incredibly generous mind works. An utter joy to read, they give deep insight into the creative process from the prospective of one of our greatest writers. Curry: Eating, Reading, and Race by  Naben Ruthnum Curry is a dish that doesnt quite exist, but, as this wildly funny and sharp essay points out, a dish that doesnt properly exist can have infinite, equally authentic variations. By grappling with novels, recipes, travelogues, pop culture, and his own upbringing, Naben Ruthnum depicts how the distinctive taste of curry has often become maladroit shorthand for brown identity. With the sardonic wit of Gita Mehtas  Karma Cola  and the refined, obsessive palette of Bill Bufords  Heat, Ruthnum sinks his teeth into the story of how the beloved flavor calcified into an aesthetic genre that limits the imaginations of writers, readers, and eaters. The River of Consciousness  by  Oliver Sacks Sacks, an Oxford-educated polymath, had a deep familiarity not only with literature and medicine but with botany, animal anatomy, chemistry, the history of science, philosophy, and psychology.  The River of Consciousness  is one of two books Sacks was working on up to his death, and it reveals his ability to make unexpected connections, his sheer joy in knowledge, and his unceasing, timeless project to understand what makes us human. All the Women in My Family Sing: Women Write the World: Essays on Equality, Justice, and Freedom (Nothing But the Truth So Help Me God)  by  Deborah Santana and  America Ferrera All the Women in My Family Sing  is an anthology documenting the experiences of women of color at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It is a vital collection of prose and poetry whose topics range from the pressures of being the vice-president of a Fortune 500 Company, to escaping the killing fields of Cambodia, to the struggles inside immigration, identity, romance, and self-worth. These brief, trenchant essays capture the aspirations and wisdom of women of color as they exercise autonomy, creativity, and dignity and build bridges to heal the brokenness in today’s turbulent world. We Wear the Mask: 15 True Stories of Passing in America  by  Brando Skyhorse  and  Lisa Page For some, passing means opportunity, access, or safety. Others don’t willingly pass but are passed in specific situations by someone else.  We Wear the Mask, edited by  Brando Skyhorse  and  Lisa Page, is an illuminating and timely anthology that examines the complex reality of passing in America. Skyhorse, a Mexican American, writes about how his mother passed him as an American Indian before he learned who he really is. Page shares how her white mother didn’t tell friends about her black ex-husband or that her children were, in fact, biracial. Feel Free: Essays by Zadie Smith Since she burst spectacularly into view with her debut novel almost two decades ago, Zadie Smith has established herself not just as one of the worlds preeminent fiction writers, but also a brilliant and singular essayist. She contributes regularly to  The New Yorker  and the  New York Review of Books  on a range of subjects, and each piece of hers is a literary event in its own right. The Mother of All Questions: Further Reports from the Feminist Revolutions  by  Rebecca Solnit In a timely follow-up to her national bestseller  Men Explain Things to Me, Rebecca Solnit offers indispensable commentary on women who refuse to be silenced, misogynistic violence, the fragile masculinity of the literary canon, the gender binary, the recent history of rape jokes, and much more. In characteristic style, Solnit mixes humor, keen analysis, and powerful insight in these essays. The Wrong Way to Save Your Life: Essays  by  Megan Stielstra Whether shes imagining the implications of open-carry laws on college campuses,  recounting the story of going underwater on the mortgage of  her  first home,  or revealing the unexpected pains and joys  of marriage and motherhood, Stielstras work informs, impels, enlightens, and embraces us all.  The result is something beautifulâ€"this story, her courage, and, potentially, our own. Against Memoir: Complaints, Confessions Criticisms  by  Michelle Tea Delivered with her signature honesty and dark humor, this is Tea’s first-ever collection of journalistic writing. As she blurs the line between telling other people’s stories and her own, she turns an investigative eye to the genre that’s nurtured her entire careerâ€"memoirâ€"and considers the price that art demands be paid from life. A Twenty Minute Silence Followed by Applause  by  Shawn Wen In precise, jewel-like scenes and vignettes,  A Twenty Minute Silence Followed by Applause  pays homage to the singular genius of a mostly-forgotten art form. Drawing on interviews, archival research, and meticulously observed performances, Wen translates the gestural language of mime into a lyric written portrait by turns whimsical, melancholic, and haunting. Acid West: Essays  by  Joshua Wheeler The radical evolution of American identity, from cowboys to drone warriors to space explorers, is a story rooted in southern New Mexico.  Acid West  illuminates this history, clawing at the bounds of genre to reveal a place that is, for better or worse, home. By turns intimate, absurd, and frightening,  Acid West  is an enlightening deep-dive into a prophetic desert at the bottom of America. Sexographies  by  Gabriela Wiener and  Lucy Greaves And jennifer adcock (Translators) In fierce and sumptuous first-person accounts, renowned Peruvian journalist Gabriela Wiener records infiltrating the most dangerous Peruvian prison, participating in sexual exchanges in swingers clubs, traveling the dark paths of the Bois de Boulogne in Paris in the company of transvestites and prostitutes, undergoing a complicated process of egg donation, and participating in a ritual of ayahuasca ingestion in the Amazon jungleâ€"all while taking us on inward journeys that explore immigration, maternity, fear of death, ugliness, and threesomes. Fortunately, our eagle-eyed voyeur emerges from her narrative forays unscathed and ready to take on the kinks, obsessions, and messiness of our lives.  Sexographies  is an eye-opening, kamikaze journey across the contours of the human body and mind. The Nature Fix: Why Nature Makes Us Happier, Healthier, and More Creative  by  Florence Williams From forest trails in Korea, to islands in Finland, to eucalyptus groves in California, Florence Williams investigates the science behind nature’s positive effects on the brain. Delving into brand-new research, she uncovers the powers of the natural world to improve health, promote reflection and innovation, and strengthen our relationships. As our modern lives shift dramatically indoors, these ideasâ€"and the answers they yieldâ€"are more urgent than ever. Can You Tolerate This?: Essays  by  Ashleigh Young Can You Tolerate This?  presents a vivid self-portrait of an introspective yet widely curious young woman, the colorful, isolated community in which she comes of age, and the uneasy tensionsâ€"between safety and risk, love and solitude, the catharsis of grief and the ecstasy of creationâ€"that define our lives. What are your favorite contemporary essay collections?

Cell Phones And Its Effect On Communication - 992 Words

Growing up, I did not have a personal cell phone. The only technology in our house was a television, located in the living room. My parents were extremely strict and even put restrictions on the use of our television. Most of my time was spent reading books instead of using technology. I got my first cell phone, a flip phone, when I turned twelve years old. I was only allowed to use my phone during the day to make calls in case of an emergency and before going to bed, my parents would take it away from me. In today s technological age, children as young as eight years old receive cell phones. Cell phones have become a basic need due to their remote effect on communication, organization, convenience and entertainment. A cell phone enables individuals to communicate with others easily. Without cell phones, a person has to meet at a specific location in order to communicate with others. They have to go through the nuisance of dressing up and driving to a location in order to meet and have a conversation. With the click of a button on your phone, you can communicate with others multiple times a day. You can use your time more efficiently and multitask while talking on the phone. A person can cook in the kitchen, or vacuum his or her carpet while talking on his or her phone. The various applications offered by smartphones offer people different methods to communicate with. Facetime allows people to interact as though they are in each other s physical presence. Skype is anotherShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Cell Phones On Children s Declining Interpersonal Skills Essay889 Words   |  4 PagesAnother negative effect caused by cell phones is people’s declining interpersonal skills. In Is Social Media Destroying Teen’s Interpersonal Skills? Experts Say It May, Sekinah Brodie pointed out that though the widespread of cell phones increases the quantity of interpersonal communication, the increase is at the sacrifice of quality. As it is widely acknowledged, interpersonal communication plays a vital role throughout one’s life, both in relationships and career, consisting of written, verbalRead MoreImpact Of Cell Phones On Society1509 Words   |  7 Pagesinternet highlights the latest technology that captivates both young and old. Mobile phones have become an integral part of our society. Primarily, the development of cellphones which combine different sophisticated features has made the device one of the necessities of life. So far, statistics indicate that the number of cell phones in the world supersedes the total population of people. Most people consider cell phones beneficial because of the level of interconnectedness it creates between people aroundRead M oreTechnology And Its Effect On Communication955 Words   |  4 Pagestechnology does not negatively affect communication in some circumstances. Miscommunication, emotional intelligence, and information technology are key characteristics that play an important role in the way we communicate today. In each article, the author refers back to the main point, how has technology affected the way we communicate with other social network members, family, coworkers, and friends? People focus too much on their social interactions with their cell phones. Soukup stated that researchersRead MoreDriving A Vehicle While Texting1745 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction We currently live in a society where technology has become a necessity, more specifically, cell phones have become essential and people go crazy when they are without this particular device. This obsession with our cellular devices has caused many deaths, affected our form of communication with others, and making us stupider. Driving a vehicle while texting is six times more dangerous than driving while intoxicated according to the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)Read MoreThe Positive and Negative Effects of Using Cellphones During Class Hours1141 Words   |  5 PagesAs cell phones evolve and become more accessible in daily life, scholars and educators are forced to evaluate the effects of the presence of cell phones in college classes and adapt to education in a cellular age. Studies revealed that 96 percent of students own a cell phone and nearly 70 percent of those phones have Internet capabilities. With the advent of smart phones and cell phone applications, students are more connected to the world and are bringing that connection into classrooms. SuzanneRead MoreMobile Phone Addiction1003 Words   |  5 PagesEFFECTS OF USING MOBILE PHONE TOO MUCH   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The mobile phone is one of the greatest invention in 20th century. We can not imagine how is our life without the mobile phone. It is an obvious truth that the mobile phone gives us benefits in some aspects of life. Using mobile phone distributes our communication to make it easier than before. Besides a mobile phone can provide us with a lot of functions like relaxing with music, chatting or playing games. However, today people especially youngRead MoreCell Phone Addiction in Ncba College Student1123 Words   |  5 PagesCELL PHONE ADDICTION IN NCBA COLLEGE STUDENT A Research Paper Presented to Prof. Zenaida T. Miranda National College of Business and Arts Fairview, Quezon City In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for English 2 ( 9:30-10:30 MWF ) 2nd Semester 2007-2008 By: ________________________ Linn Dantlhee E. Estopace B.S.Accountancy March 7, 2008 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Cell phones in the country have not only broadened communications and introduced new and faster lifestylesRead MoreMobile Phones And The Mobile Phone987 Words   |  4 PagesIn this day and age, it is almost impossible to not have a cell phone; the number of people who own a cell phone is growing every year. â€Å"At the end of 2011, there were almost 6 billion mobile subscriptions. That is a dramatic increase from 5.4 billion in 2010 and 4.7 billion mobile subscriptions in 2009† (International Tele - communications Union, 2011). With the introduction into society the cell phone established a convenient way to communicate between individuals, and they have also connectedRead MoreHow Cell Phones Affect Social Behavior1282 Words   |  6 Pages Effects of Mobile Phones on Social Skills Kelly Schriever, Matt Seeberger, Mary Sweet, Emily Putnam Elizabethtown College March 17, 2014 Today we live in a world where communication through modern technology is almost required. Everywhere people are texting, emailing, writing blogs, and tweeting. It’s hard to go anywhere without seeing someone using a phone or the internet to connect with others. Most people would feel lost without the use of their phones. OfRead MoreTechnology: The Invention of The Cell Phone Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pagesdevice, the cell phone. A cellular phone is the most common type of technology used by all groups of people including parents, teenagers, and even young children. The number of people who own a cell phone also continues to increase, causing a huge distraction on society. Cell phones seem to own a person as they depend on their phone for almost everything. Though the cell phone was invented for beneficial purposes, people have completely misused this device which has caused negative effects in their

European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative...

European Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences ISSN 1450-2275 Issue 11 (2008)  © EuroJournals, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournalsn.com Testing Capital Structure Theories: Are the Models’ Assumptions Correctly Specified? Carmen Cotei Department of Economics, Finance and Insurance University of Hartford, 200 Bloomfield Ave., West Hartford, CT, 06117, USA E-mail: cotei@hartford.edu Joseph Farhat Department of Finance Central Connecticut State University, 1615 Stanley St., New Britain, CT 06050, USA E-mail: farhatjob@ccsu.edu Abstract In this study, we investigate the models used in testing the trade-off and pecking order theories. Specifically, we examine the symmetric behavior assumption and homogeneous coefficient†¦show more content†¦The pecking order model assumes that the distribution of informational asymmetry is homogeneous across different industries. To examine the adequacy of the two assumptions under each theory, first we classify firms into industries, using Fama and French industry classification; this enables us to control for the nonhomogeneity of the firms’ characteristics across industries and the temporal distribution of informational asymmetry among industries; second, we use a spline regression model to test for the symmetric behavior assumption. The results show that the symmetrical rate of adjustment assumption under the trade-off model is rejected across all industries; firms tend to adjust faster toward the target leverage when they are above the target relative to when the y are below the target leverage. We find no evidence to support the homogeneous coefficient across industries as the adjustment rate varies significantly across industries. For the pecking order model, we reject the symmetric behavior assumption at the industry level as well as across all industries. Firms have the tendency to reduce debt by a significantly higher proportion when they have financing surplus comparing to the proportion of debt issued when they have financing deficit. 2. The Trade-Off Theory The trade-off models have dominated the capital structure literature. The taxShow MoreRelatedBudget and Budgetary Control for Improved Performance: a Consideration for Selected Food and Beverages Companies in Nigeria4782 Words   |  20 PagesEuropean Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences ISSN 1450-2275 Issue 12 (2008)  © EuroJournals, Inc. 2008 http://www.eurojournalsn.com Budget and Budgetary Control for Improved Performance: A Consideration for Selected Food and Beverages Companies in Nigeria Ishola Rufus Akintoye Room 116, Department of Economics, Faculty of the Social Sciences University of Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, West Africa Tel: 234-8035369293, 8082130269 E-mail: irakintoye@yahoo.com Abstract Budget andRead MoreInternational Human Resource Management3727 Words   |  15 PagesEuropean Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences ISSN 1450-2275 Issue 29 (2011)  © EuroJournals, Inc. 2011 http://www.eurojournals.com Current Trends and Future Directions of Human Resource Management Practices: A Review of Literature Ogunyomi, O. Paul Department of Industrial Relations Personnel Management University of Lagos, Nigeria E-mail: yomipaul@mail.com Shadare, A. Oluseyi Department of Industrial Relations and Personnel Management University of Lagos, Nigeria E-mail:Read MoreInfluence of Work Motivation, Leadership Effectiveness and Time Management on Employees4037 Words   |  17 PagesEuropean Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Sciences ISSN 1450-2887 Issue 16 (2009)  © EuroJournals, Inc. 2009 http://www.eurojournals.com Influence of Work Motivation, Leadership Effectiveness and Time Management on Employees’ Performance in Some Selected Industries in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria Shadare Oluseyi .A Department of Industrial Relations and Personnel Management University of Lagos, Lagos Hammed, T. Ayo Department of Guidance and Counselling University of Ibadan, IbadanRead MoreImpact of Acquisition on Employees Performance: A case Study of RBS818 Words   |  4 PagesSatisfaction: An Empirical Test of a Casual Model. Human Relations Journal, 46(8), 1007-1027. Retrieved January 06, 2010 from 10.1177/001872679304600806. Becker, B. E., Olson, C. A. (1987). Labor relations and firm performance. In M. M. Kleiner, R. N. Block, M. Roomkin, S. W. Salsburg (Eds.), Chambers, K., Honeycutt, A. (2009). Telecommunications Mega-Mergers: Impact On Employee Morale And Turnover Intention. Journal of Business Economics Research, 7(2). Datta, D. K. (1991). Organizational fitRead MoreImpact of Employees Motivation on Work Performance1788 Words   |  8 Pagesachieve the above cited objectives. Keywords: Motivation, Job Satisfaction, Organization performance, Productivity. *Assistant Professor, P.G. Department of Commerce Management, Arya P.G. College, Panipat (Haryana) International Journal of Research in Economics Social Sciences http://www.euroasiapub.org 81 IJRESS Volume 2, Issue 9 (September 2012) ISSN: 2249-7382 INTRODUCTION Employee’s performance is affected by number of factors, but one of the significant factors is motivation which affectsRead MoreEssay on Hungary Economic Crisis1672 Words   |  7 PagesPOLYTECHNIC OF NAMIBIA HAROLD PUPKEWITZ GRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS Case Report: Hungary Economic Crisis and a Shift to the Right Angula DiCaprio Business Economic Analysis (BEA910M) 6 August 2012 Contents Executive Summary 3 Problem Identification and Analysis 3 Floating of the Currency (Forint) 3 A shift to the Right 3 Feud with the IMF 4 Crisis Taxes 4 Renationalisation of Pensions 4 Governance 5 Monetary Policy and CentralRead MoreEffects of Hr Practices on Organizational Performance3331 Words   |  14 PagesEffects of Human Resource Management Practices on Organizational Performance – An Empirical Study of Oil and Gas Industry in Pakistan Muhammad Asif Khan Assistant Professor, Shaheed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto Institute of Science and Technology (SZABIST) Islamabad, Pakistan E-mail: dr.asif@szabist-isb.edu.pk Tel: 92-51-4863363 / 209 Abstract The study evaluates the effects of human resource management practices on organizational performance in Oil and Gas Industry in Pakistan. A total of 150 managersRead MoreMerger and Acquisition in Nigerian Banks2234 Words   |  9 Pagesbanks consolidation had taken place in Europe, America and Asia in the last two decades without any solutions in sight to bank failures and crisis. The paper attempts to examine the performances of government induced banks consolidation and macro-economic performance in Nigeria in a post-consolidation period. The paper analyses published audited accounts of twenty(20) out of twenty-five(25) banks that emerged from the consolidation exercise and data from the Central Banks of Nigeria(CBN). We denote Read MoreEntrepreneurial Skills and the Entrepreneurial Instinct 1387 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess. At a basic level the business model defines the ventures revenue sources, pricing structures and expected sales (Stewart and Zhao, 2000). At an operational level the focus is on internal processes and including production delivery methods, administrative processes, resource flows and logistical streams (Morris et. al., 2005). A Lack of market awareness and marketing knowledge can pose particular problems. Entrepreneurs who create a venture with little or no analysis of market potential may findRead MoreHuman Resource Structure807 Words   |  3 PagesHuman Resource structure is administrative and common to all organizations, especially to the big company like Tianyang Food, a food production company in China. HR department act as the support for the organization in the likes of law, compensation, benefit, safety and health of the employees and the organization. However, the improper management from the HR structure can put the organization in a very difficult situation. Based on the case study, an employee named Lu Yueting had poisoned the

Essay Samples for Accuplacer - an Introduction

Essay Samples for Accuplacer - an Introduction Putting words on paper in a very clear manner ensures you're conveying precisely what you mean. Don't dump all you know about a topic in your response. You will have to read the essay and decide on the correction from the answer choices provided. There must be unity and coherence among the examples which you use in your essay. The Appeal of Essay Samples for Accuplacer PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time! It isn't a pass-fail exam. The CIS Placement Exam isn't required. Arrive at the Assessment center a minimum of 30 minutes before your appointment. Question marks go outside the last quotation mark in the event the full sentence asks the question. The building shift questions call for a student to rewrite a sentence according to certain criteria. The phrase of course should be preceded and followed by commas when used in the midst of a sentence such as this. It's used her e only for proofreading practice and much less an illustration of exemplary writing. The tests aren't timed and the quantity of questions will be different. The ALEKS test isn't proctored. The practice tests are in the very same format as the actual exam and covers every one of the skills on the actual test. The ACCUPLACER English Test consists of two sections and does not have any time limit. Even though it might seem that the customer doesn't care about what you've got to say initially, don't forget that the customer approached you for resolution. Additionally, a customer may ask the writer to submit part of the job for review and, if needed, ask her or him to make corrections. He may be angry because he or she made incorrect assumptions that led to improper expectations. Eventually he will have to lower his or her voice to hear what you are saying. It might be necessary to acquire some extra information from your customer to accurately analyze the main reason for the issue. On occasion the technical problem may require considerably more attention because it could impact other clients. While it's important to fix the technical issue, it's also appropriate to acknowledge the risks that create the emotional reaction. Resolving a technical issue could possibly be only partially effective should it not also tackle the customer emotional concerns. You are going to learn how to understand the manner that the scoring software works and to aid you raise your score. You will get your scores immediately upon finishing the test. A greater score may enable you to refrain from taking certain courses altogether. Your score on the test is utilised to ascertain how many remedial courses you'll be asked to takeif any. The Ultimate Essay Samples for Accuplacer Trick Community service definately gives a youthful person working experience and an opportunity to address people. There are plenty of things a person could gain from community services. The mo st usual response is to rate the merit of the complaint when you are listening to it. All requests have to be submitted in person or with a duplicate of your photo ID. That flexibility is merely one of the numerous benefits to our study guides and flash cards. In the very first part, students are requested to rewrite a part of a sentence by selecting the most suitable option out of four available choices. A Secret Weapon for Essay Samples for Accuplacer Study whenever you desire, for however long you desire. Our study guide provides you with all the knowledge you'll want. Writeplacer Success essay guide teaches you all you will need to understand in order to be successful with your essay. It is crucial to make certain that you register and make certain you have properly paid for the class! About This Course The lessons within this course are made to help you enhance and polish your writing skills. Perusing through an illustration is recommended for a student to get ready for this test. Therefore, it's an important portion of preparing a student for adulthood and ought to be included in their high school graduation requirements. Additional print work is in many phases of production using precisely the same core architecture. Users do not have to register or log in to use the website.

Capitalism and Modernity free essay sample

â€Å"To be modern is to find ourselves in an environment that promises us adventure, power, joy, growth, transformation of ourselves and the world and, at the same time, that threatens to destroy everything we have, everything we know, everything we are. † – Marshall Berman, All That Is Solid Melts Into Air, (Verso, London, 1988 p. 1). Drawing on a variety of sociologists writings on modernity explain the idea of modernity as both positive and negative. Modernity is defined in the Collins English Dictionary as the quality or state of being modern. (Hanks 1979) This state of modernity, as described by M. Berman, is one that has positive and negative influences on both the private and public spheres. The modern world in which we live is one that is heavily influenced by the havoc of war and the ongoing process of capitalism. In order to understand the complexities of modernity, one must weigh its pros and cons. Ex-Cambridge Lecturer and sociologist T. Bilton pinpointed the origins of modernity to be during the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century. He discusses the slow industrialisation, new attitudes towards capitalism, and mass urbanisation. These attributes of modernity saw positive growth in wealth and the creation of bigger and more fluid markets. The trends that originated in 1780s England were to soon spread globally, with an increasing concentration of workers in larger workplaces, in tandem with deteriorating work conditions and an increase in the formation of unions. Thus, despite the periodic economic advantages of the modernisation in the workplace, there was a significant degradation of the social structure that supported the workforce as a whole. The growing distance between employee and employer, in addition to the sharpening gender and age difference, was a ‘disadvantageous’ consequence of a capitalist economy gone so right. Modernity had seen grand economic ‘advantages’ throughout the Industrial Revolution, in both England and the rest of the world as colonialism and exploration catalysed the process of globalisation. However, both the social life and political structures began to change in a ‘disadvantageous’ fashion. The so-called ‘rational’ bureaucratic system that was born from the process of modernity posed a serious threat to the social structure of any nation that had endured the Industrial Revolution. As T. Bilton asserts: â€Å"These systems of rational thought and organisation can be inhuman or dehumanising, and, ironically, in some circumstances they can be irrational and inefficient. † (Bilton 2002) Thus, it was the process of modernity, especially that of the growth of capitalism, that saw both ‘advantages’ and ‘disadvantages’ in communities worldwide. The extremities of these economic and social advantages and disadvantages of capitalism can find their sources in the process of modernity itself. This point is illustrated by the Marxist scholar E. M. Wood with her statement: â€Å"In the evolutionary process leading from early forms of exchange to modern industrial capitalism, modernity kicks in when these shackled economic forces, and the economic rationality of the bourgeois, are liberated from traditional constraints. † (Wood 1997) Hence, modernity had created some fantastic capitalistic opportunities, however, socially and politically the world was not ready for these changes. Even today’s modernised global society, multinationals and other capitalist figure-heads have blindly sought wealth at an ever increasing social cost, not only within the developed OECD countries, but also within (and more recently prominently) in the developing third worlds nations. This process of globalisation has seen the economic stimulation of many corners of the globe, and simultaneously a degradation of social structures within third world countries. On a political scale, many countries, especially those of the developing world, are not capable of facilitating large economic growth and the housing of huge amounts of foreign direct investment (FDI). Economist Chandan Sengupta illustrates this point by arguing that these social consequences, as a result of the globalisation phenomenon, are because the third world is blindly following in America’s footsteps, in an effort to develop their economy. He emphasises the importance of regulation and government control over how fast an economy is growing, in order to counteract the disadvantageous consequences of the dominance of capitalism in the developing world. â€Å"In the 10 years from 1988 to 1998 almost all governments in the world, regardless of ideology, downsized their activities while private sector expanded theirs thus gradually replacing governments as major economic players on the world scene† (Thompson 1999) Hence, the slacking of political institutions was (and currently is) the reason behind the social degradation within developing nations, who have blindly adopted a first world economic system to a third world political and social structure. In fact, political economist argues that globalisation is not ‘advantageous’ to the third world at all, alluding to the economic conditions in both China and India. He states, â€Å"†¦despite all the sound and fury of globalisation, India’s share of FDI is miserable. † (Ambirajan 2000) According to his statistics, India was receiving only $169 million when the nation was in the midst of FDI in 1990. This is far from the amount required to deal with the social issues and wealth inequality that now plague the country. Ambirajan continues his argument against globalisation, highlighting the environmental degradation in India and other developing countries, and its impact on the health of the populous. â€Å"By making even hazardous waste a tradable commodity, poor countries are induced to accept it with grave consequences for their well being. † (Ambirajan 2000) In this state of modernity, capitalism and globalisation have been predominately a disadvantage for the third world. The developed economies have reaped most of the benefits from the FDIs with huge boots to their production sector as a result of cheap international labour. This unbalanced global society is as a direct result of modernity and its influence on the dominance of capitalism in modern society. Ambirajan continues his examination of modernity, linking the effects of capitalism on society to the causes of war. â€Å"Such churning in society creates enormous tensions that result in conflict. † (Ambirajan 2000) The havoc of war is a complex aspect of modernity, which rarely provides an individual or even a nation with an ‘advantage. ’ As Chandan Sengupta asserts: â€Å"[It is the] certain global processes of modernisation such as the effects of global environmental degradation and nuclear war that have given rise to a risk society. ’† (Sengupta 2001) Not only does war and its raw destructive power pose a great ‘disadvantage’ to the global society, it also reveals many disadvantages within the process of modernity. Indian journalist Arundhati Roy explores the socio-political side to war, and how the process of modernity is changing not only the way modern conflict is fought, but also the ever-increasing manipulation of free thought by politicians and congress. Roy uses the current ‘War Against Terror’ and examines the concept of terrorism in tandem with US politics in order to illustrate these ideas. Roy introduces the reader to the modernisation of war, by stating: â€Å"Here’s the rub: America is at war against people it doesn’t know, because they don’t appear much on TV. † (Roy 2001) This dehumanises the idea of war and categorises it as a means of political gain, and a social disadvantage. She goes even further to say that the American people are being told by the government who the enemy is, and why they are fighting them, calling it â€Å"two leaps of faith. † It is this ‘modern’ type of war that forces the public to really question the purpose of conflict and the behaviour of their government in this period of modernity/ post-modernity. Additionally, Roy examines the modern phenomenon of terrorism, comparing it to the modern evolution of capitalism, cleverly saying: â€Å"Terrorism has no country. It’s transnational†¦terrorists can pull up stakes and move their â€Å"factories† from country to country in search of a better deal. † (Roy 2001) The ‘modernisation’ of war and capitalism are very closely related, and Roy emphasises this theory with her thoughts of American foreign direct investment: â€Å"Any third world country with a fragile economy and a complex social base should know by now that to invite a superpower such as America in would be like inviting a brick to drop through you windscreen† (Roy 2001) The impact of war is as much, if not a greater, ‘disadvantage’ to individuals and nations, as capitalism is capable of being. Modernity has changed the reasoning and the ways in which conflicts are resolved, making war of a more ‘disadvantageous’ nature. Like globalisation, war wreaks havoc in the countries that take part in, or are victim to, the sources of conflict. However, due to the ever-growing global community as a result of modernity, nearly every nation and individual is unfortunately brought into war. Marxist writers Ziyi Feng and Lijun Xing strongly believe that: â€Å"Capitalism is necessarily connected with modernity. Modernity developed in the capitalist society is not only a result and outward exhibition of capital logic, but is also a prerequisite and an inner mechanism of it. † (Xing 2006) Also, the development of war throughout the periods of modernity has seen an ever-increasing ‘disadvantage’ on a socio-political scale. Both capitalism and war are undeniable offspring of modernity, however neither provide an economic advantage that outweighs their social or political disadvantage. Modernity has influenced many aspects of the globe in a positive way, however its negative effects on capitalism and war are putting our global society at a disadvantage. Governments, firms and individuals globally should be rethinking the paths that these two aspects of life are taking, in order for the global society to be at an advantage as a result of modernity.

Satire in Mikhail Bulgakovs Works

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay

25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay 25 Eponyms as Literary Wordplay By Daniel Scocco Several DailyWritingTips.com posts have focused on, for example, phenomena and ideas named after people, and concepts or objects identified by the names of historical figures. This entry specifically suggests mythological, literary, and historical eponyms that may inspire you to employ such terms in fiction writing as cloaked allusions to characters or things. Think of these examples and others as akin to puns: A law firm named Bowler, Derby, Fedora, Stetson, and Trilby. (Maybe these will be names of characters in the upcoming film version of Lidsville, the early- ’70s Saturday-morning TV show about a land of sentient hats.) A star-crossed couple named Jeremiah, namesake of a pessimistic prophet from the Bible, and Cassandra, named after the Trojan woman blessed with the gift of prophecy but fated never to be believed. A maid named Abigail. (In Victorian England, house servants were routinely stripped of their birth names and assigned ones considered more pleasant for their employers to utter, and Abigail was a common moniker for a housemaid.) A vigilant or nosy neighbor named Argus, the name of the many-eyed monster of Greek mythology. A heavily burdened character named Atlas, after the Titan in Greek mythology charged with holding up the heavens. A place called the Augean Stables, named after the fabled stables of Augeas, the cleaning of which constituted one of the legendary twelve labors of Hercules. A spy’s contact code-named Baedeker, after the name of the popular guidebook series, or Cicerone, after a word for a sightseeing guide (in turn named after the Roman orator and statesman Cicero). A loud woman who’s always letting off steam named Calliope, after the strident steam-whistle instrument named in honor of the Greek muse of epic poetry. A tormented woman named Catherine Wheeler, named after the Catherine wheel, a rotating fireworks wheel in turn inspired by a Catholic saint tortured on a wheel. An elusive woman named Fata Morgana (or, more subtly, Morgan Fate), after the mirage phenomenon named for the Italian translation of the name of Arthurian sorceress Morgan le Fay (â€Å"fairy,† or â€Å"magician†). An extremely attractive person named Mickey Finn, after a slang term for a drugged drink. (The active ingredient is sometimes called â€Å"knockout drops.†) A ruminative character named Fletcher, after the health food faddist notorious for prescribing a quantifiable amount of chewing while eating. An energizing character named Galvani, after the scientist who studied the stimulating effects of electricity. A hapless company called Gordian Inc., named for the knot that could not be untied. (Alexander the Great reportedly solved the problem by severing the knot with his sword.) An unhelpful character named Hobson, after the stable owner who hired out any horse a customer wanted, as long as the one selected was next in line to be used (hence the oxymoronic expression â€Å"Hobson’s choice†). An arbiter named Hoyle, after the eponymous author of rules for card games (hence the nearly extinct expression â€Å"according to Hoyle†). A race car driver or reckless motorist named Jehu (after the biblical king of that name notorious for his wild charioteering). A drink named the Molotov cocktail, after the nickname for the bomb made from a bottle filled with inflammable liquid and ignited with a wick. (The bomb is in turn named after a Russian Communist politician.) An impostor named Pinchbeck, after the watchmaker whose created an inexpensive alloy resembling gold. Hundreds of eponyms are available for enlivening satirical or otherwise humorous prose. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. Had15 Great Word GamesHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

Criminology Report- the increasing problem of employee theft Essay

Criminology Report- the increasing problem of employee theft - Essay Example However, surveys have shown that in such set ups the employees may tend to take advantage of the situation to defraud the business. Employee ethics is supposed to play an important role in this case where the employees are supposed to take care of the enterprise on behalf of the employer (Riley, Wells & Kranacher, 2010). Various studies have addressed factors such as workplace culture where in a given company, employees are used to stealing, economic need which is seen as the major reason why employees engage in the act. In various case, employees who are underpaid will tend to improvise a way that they can use to get the extra coins needed to sustain their living. This is often done by stealing from the business. Personal predisposition is also seen as a major reason why employees are involved in such cases (Schrager, 2014). In cases where the employee feels that the employment relations are not fair, the employee often tend to cover that up by engaging in such felonies such as stealing. This will give him/her temporary contention regardless of the damage that the act may cause to the business. This report on employee theft will be written in reference to the British Retail Consortium Retail Crime Survey 2013. According to the survey, the direct cost of retail crime was  £511 million in 2012/2013. The recorded results were lower than what had been recorded in 2011/2013. However, there is an acute rise in the cases of employee theft looking at the values in 2007/2008. In fact, the cost in 2012/2013 is 166% of the value recorded in 2007/2008. The offences reported in the retail industry were 766, 227. This being just a small percentage of the total number of cases supposed to be about 2.7 million. This is a huge value which shows how serious the offense is and calling for immediate measures to curb it as the economic pressure continues to predispose the employees

The problem of dumping in world trade and measures that are taken to Dissertation

The problem of dumping in world trade and measures that are taken to stop it - Dissertation Example Measures that have been taken to stop dumping have always been and are still used as most significant devices by countries as a protection against imports. Measures to stop dumping tend to be supported over other trade remedies because unlike safeguard measures, they provide the opportunity for a selective approach. According to, the process used in anti-dumping legislations can give rise to increased dumping margins and actions unrelated to the actual market condition. This paper explains the concept of export dumping as well as the various forms it takes in the global trade. The paper details how Anti- Dumping (AD) legislations come into been and their relationship to article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). The paper will further discuss WTO anti-dumping measures together with the procedural issues in anti-dumping cases. Additionally, it will elucidate the reason behind the practices of export dumping. Moreover, the paper gives the reasons why civilized and uncivilized nations have special interests in the AD processes especially in the global trade. Finally, the paper will provide an explanation as to why AD legislation is perceived as a problem in the global trade. Introduction Definition of dumping In the global market arena export dumping can be regarded as selling of products/goods at price which is less than the domestic price normally as exports in the world trade.2 Similarly, the practice of selling at value below cost used to produce them is also referred to as dumping. Usually, primary reason behind export dumping is to drive out competitors from the market. Additionally, 3purports that dumping is also done to get rid of the surplus of local trade. Some traders also resort to dumping when their products are unacceptable for the local market. In economic perspective, dumping is viewed as a form of predatory pricing whereby the term is frequently used in the context of global trade legislations.4 Under this backdrop, dumping i s regarded as an act whereby a manufacturer in a given country exports goods to an overseas country or countries at price below the one charges at its domestic market for similar product/s. Dumping huge amount of goods or products into a market will significantly reduce price of goods that are priced at the market place as it introduces goods priced below the market price. Supporters of free market implicate it negatively as they perceive it as a form of protectionism. Overall, dumping has various definitions from various contexts but it is widely defined as selling of products in a foreign market at a price below the one a given country charges for the same products in the home market.5 In other words, it is the selling at lower than fair value. According to,6 WTO and the GATT condemn the practice of export dumping at situations where it effects injures the economy of a country into which the goods are dumped although it does not prohibit it. Some countries take control of specific technology or method of production in the world trade. As a consequence, these countries monopolize these products or technologies. Such kinds of monopolies are also referred to as international dumping. In order to capture foreign markets for their goods or technologies, such countries sell their goods at foreign markets at a price below the one they charge in their domestic market. This act is normally adopted by producers who have monopolies in their local markets whereby the need for their goods is less elastic than in world trade.7 Types of Dumping In the world trade, there are generally three forms of dumping

Energy Policy For Libya Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy Policy For Libya Environmental Sciences Essay Libya is Africas largest oil producing and exporting country, located in the heart of North Africa, the country is home to 6 million inhabitants distributed over an area covering 1,750,000 Km2. Crude oil is an integral part of the Libyan economy and forms the basis on which the Libyan energy policy is formed, however, with increasing global drive towards more sustainable and renewable energy sources, admits issues of climate change, and global warming, there has been renewed and concerted efforts shown by nations around the world to adopt more sustainable energy sources, this has been highlighted in varied global convections and treaties amongst which are, the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, the 2009 Copenhagen summit to mention but a few. This paper attempts to highlight the place of a developing nation and major oil producer and exporter like Libya in renewed efforts to ensure lower dependence on fossil fuel sources, the countrys current energy policies and the state or extent of renewable en ergy resource in the country admits global CO2 reduction targets of 80% by 2050 to stem human contributions to climate change and global warming from fossil fuels. LIBYAN ENERGY BACKGROUND In Libya, the daily average of solar radiation on a horizontal plane is 7.1 kWh/m2/day within coastal regions, and 8.1 kWh/m2/day in the southern region, with average sun duration of more than 3500 hours per year (Saleh Ibrahim, 1993). The national electric grid consists of high, medium and low voltage networks of about 12,000 km, 12,500 km and 7,000 km power lines respectively with an installed capacity is 5600 MW and a peak Load of 3650 MW (Saleh Ibrahim et al., 1998). However, despite the remarkable energy network for a population of 6 million, energy is mainly concentrated in the major cities as many villages and remote areas are located far away from these networks. The small population and small consumption needs of these areas make their connection to the grid less economically viable. This has led to the use of small diesel generators in these areas contributing albeit minimally to the CO2 emissions. Furthermore the total dependence on fossil fuel sources for the generation o f electricity for the national grid belies the tenets of conventions and treaties on climate change, global warming and sustainable energy development. This however calls for the proper assessment of current energy policies in Libya and the place of renewable energy. Libyan renewable energy resource has the potential to provide clean and reliable energy sources which can be used in many applications in remote areas (electricity, water pumping, etc.) and even contribute to the national grid. Albeit the use of renewable energies has been introduced in a wide range of applications due to its convenience and economic attractiveness, application on a much larger scale in Libya has been hampered by the relative abundance of cheaper crude oil sources. GREEN HOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND CLIMATE CHANGE Carbon emission has witnessed a meteoric rise since the turn of the Industrial age, Industrial processes have churned up 37 percent of amount of carbon in the atmosphere to date (Boden et al, 2009), Since the advent of industrialization, massive use of fossil fuels for energy generation have been recorded, there has been increase in the amount of gaseous waste produced in homes, and from transportation. These Gases collectively result in forming a layer in the earths atmosphere shielding radiated sunlight from the earths surface, depleting earths ozone layer and causing general warming of the earth. The effect of these gases is known as the green house effect, the process of gradual warming of the earth is Global warming and the gases are referred to as green house gases. The gradual increase in the earths overall temperatures has a telling effect on activities and life contained in it. Scientist predict, that rising green house gas levels would result in greater earth warming and invariably melting of the ice caps, increase in ocean mean water levels (20mm by 2020), increased flooding of coastal lands enhanced drought in arid lands (IPCC, 2007) etc, and these are part of the deleterious effect of climate change, which has led to a global outcry for the reduction in the emission of gases that give rise to this effect and the setting of CO2 reduction target of 80% by the year 2050. The earth is said to have warmed up by 0.740C over the last hundred years and about 0.40C of this occurred in the last decade (DEFRA, 2006). Agreements, declarations and treaties have been made in summits top on the list of which is the Copenhagen Summit of 2009 borne to develop and exploit means for carbon capture and storage, The Rio declaration of 1992 was to outline support for protection of the environment from the deleterious activities of man, while the Kyoto protocol of 1997, outlined the six major green house gases and set targets for governments to cut down on the production of these gases as waste. Human Drivers Greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere by various mechanisms, chief amongst them is the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Over the past fifty years, growth of the world economy has been hinged on worldwide energy use this has resulted in increase in global concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the air. The Kyoto Protocol highlighted anthropogenic emissions as a major cause and as an addendum listed six greenhouse gases. The KYOTO Protocol In 1997, the United Nations having evaluated the potential threat of global warming and the attendant causes (anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases) proceeded to outlined the six major greenhouse gases and set targets (of 80% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050) for national governments to cut down on the generation of these gases as waste or emit them as pollutants. The summit held in Kyoto Japan, entered into force in 2005. The Protocol which shared the ultimate objective of the Convention in Kyoto, Japan was to ensure that nations take steps to stabilize atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases ensuring that they do not exceed levels that will enhance dangerous interference with the already delicate climate system. The convention also attempted to build upon with a view to enhancing many of the commitments that were already in place under the Convention (UNFCCC 2007). Albeit the Kyoto Protocol was influenced by political factors, its ratification by most countries may be justified in light of the peculiar features of the global warming debacle, the existence of uncertainties, non-linearities and irreversibilities, possible catastrophes with small probabilities, asymmetric distribution of impacts, and the very long planning horizon (IPCC, 1996). The scientific uncertainties enshrouding the climate change and global warming still remain a rallying point for critics. The Kyoto Protocol tackles emissions of six greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2); methane (CH4); nitrous oxide (N2O); hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs); perfluorocarbons (PFCs); Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6). CURRENT LIBYAN ENERGY CLIME The Libyan economy has been heavily dependent on the hydrocarbon industry since the discovery of crude oil. In 2008, the hydrocarbon industry in Libya accounted for over 95% of the countrys export earnings, 85-90% of fiscal revenues and over 70% of Libyas gross domestic product (GDP) (IMF 2009). Libya holds the largest crude oil deposit in Africa amounting close to 44 billion barrels of oil reserves (OGJ 2010). EIA 2008 data indicate that 2008 total oil production in Libya was approximately 1.88 million barrels per day (bbl/d). Energy is the backbone of the economy availability of cheap energy compared to other Mediterranean countries has helped to the expansion of all sectors, like industry, commerce, construction and services. However, as much gas is found in the crude (associated gas), Libya engages in gas flaring activities (to get rid of associated gas) thus ensuring a steady and direct injection of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. LIBYAN CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCES Current energy supply in Libya cannot be considered as sustainable sources of energy, with increasing cost of energy from attendant increase in exploration and refining cost, there is also the case of fuel sources being limited and environmental problems. Fossil fuel is limited or finite and Libya relies on energy from two limited conventional sources. Oil: With total discovered resources estimated to 44 billion bbl. Natural Gas: With total discovered resources estimated to 1300 billion m3. It is estimated that Libyas oil resources will not last more than 50 years with current rate of exploration and production, albeit natural gas is expected to last a little longer (Saleh 2006) It is projected that by the year 2050, prices of crude oil barrel may reach more than $200 while Libya would require about 70 million barrels of oil per year for electricity production requirement costing about 14 billion dollars annually. This would ultimately result in pressure on crude oil sources, its availability and increase in cost of generating electricity therefore underpinning the need for more sustainable forms of energy. By contrast, the abundance of potential sustainable energy in Libya decries the dependence on fossil fuels for example; the solar radiation in Libya is equivalent to a layer of 25 cm of crude oil per year on the land surface. Energy and emissions figures in libya Jacqueline 2000 reports that the amount of greenhouse gases emitted determines the magnitude and rate of future climate change, the sensitivity of climate to these gases and the degree to which the effects are modified by aerosol emissions. Libya, with 2002 estimations, had a 69.2 % energy consumption from oil and 30.8 % from natural gas, the emissions of CO2 attributed mainly to oil (71.7 %) and (28.3 %) natural gas (EIA, 2005), this means invariably that the energy sector which is the main source of greenhouse emissions in Libya depends mainly on fossil fuels (oil and natural gas). CO2 emission in Libya is put at 55.5 million tonnes per annum in 2009 following United Nations reports relating to 9.19 tonnes per capita and 31.5 tonnes per kilometre square (World Bank 2010). Libyan Energy consumption by Sector Current Libyan Energy consumption shows a total dependence on energy from fossil fuel sources. With domestic consumption of 273,000 bbl/d in 2008, shared within the sectors as described below. Residential 34% Industry 27% Commercial 27% Transport 12% Source: Oil and Gas Directory 2010. Figure 1: Current energy consumption in Libya by sector Table 1: Energy Production in Libya Type Production Consumption Export Natural Gas 12 b m3/y 3 b m3/y 9 b m3/y Oil 0.6 b bbl/y 0.1 b bbl/y 0.5 b bbl/y Electicity 20 T Wh/y Source: Saleh 2006 Environmental Impact Carbon Implication/ Future projections Libyan power stations utilize only fuel from fossil sources to generate electricity, and with the high demand of energy, from all the sectors which is estimated to more than double by 2050, there is going to be substantial increase in CO2 emissions by 2050, thus raising atmospheric carbon levels and contributing ever so gravely to the already deteriorating state of the climate. With the varied effect of global warming already being felt steps need to be taken to limit further emissions and manage present situation. Anthropic emissions of CO2 amounted to 26 billion tonnes in 2004. In a reference scenario extrapolating current trends, CO2 emissions are set to double by 2050, to more than 50 billion tonnes of CO2 a year. Continuing this trend would lead to an atmospheric concentration of CO2 exceeding 1,000ppm (parts per million) at the end of the 21st century, a concentration that is totally unacceptable in terms of its climate impact and its socio-economic consequences (IFP 2007). Global Warming Trends/ Future Trends In a bid to predict future climate change conditions, Scientists develop mathematically-based climate models. Adopting different assumptions on how various factors play to predict how atmospheric CO2 levels and temperatures will change in future. The variables in each model include: Population growth rate Economic development Energy use Efficiency of energy use Mix of energy technologies The graph below shows the results from three climate models used by the IPCC, with predictions starting in 1990 and ending in the year 2100. In all three, the global population rate rises during the first half of the century, and then declines. The A1B model assumes rapid economic growth and increased equity-the reduction of regional differences in per-person income. New and more efficient technologies are introduced, without relying heavily on a single energy source. The A1F1 model is the same as A1B, but assumes the continued use of fossil fuel-intensive technologies. In the B1 model, the world moves rapidly from a producer-consumer economy toward a service and information economy. There is a reduction in the use of raw materials, and an emphasis on clean and efficient technologies and improved equity. Other models have been developed, each based upon a different set of assumptions. Figure 2: Adapted from IPCC, Third Assessment Report on Climate Change, 2001. Global temperature increases predicted by three different IPCC climate models. Although differing in degree, these three climate prediction models show similar trends: The projected rate of global warming in the future is much larger than the rate of global warming during the 20th century. Predicted rates of global warming are greater than any seen in the past 10,000 years. (Exploring earth 2009) From the chart above it is clear where we have to take a stand. With the above stated premise and the statistical review, it is imperative to develop a strategy that first curtails present carbon emissions and subsequently reduces the overall generation from various sources described above. MITIGATING CLIMATE CHANGE VIA LIBYAN ENERGY POLICY INCORPORATING RENEWABLE ENERGY Strategies for reducing CO2 emissions by 80% by 2050 and Implementation Techniques Taking into cognisance current emission trends and sectors fingered in CO2 emissions, cutting down of emission cannot be over emphasized. A proactive approach to detailing of strategic plans of action for implementation must take into account past emission log; fully understand the current situation and project reduction measures that proffer solutions through a cost effective and practicable approach. To achieve these, the need to fully understand the scope of the problems at hand is imperative. To this end, I propose a utilitarian based all inclusive approach to reducing 80% emission by 2050. My approach is based on the incorporation of renewable energy in the Libyan energy policy. Libyan Renewable Energy Potential Libyan geographical location positions 88% of its area in the Sahara desert region of Africa, where there is a high propensity of solar energy which can be used to generate electricity via solar energy conversions, of both photovoltaic panels, and or thermally. According to the trans Mediterranean interconnection for concentrating solar power (MED-CSP)highlights Libyas renewable energy potention as depicted in the table below. Table 2: Renewable energy sources for Libya Type Potentiality Solar electricity 140,000 TWh/y Wind electricity 15 TWh/y Biomass 2 TWh/y Total 157,000 TWh/y Source: Saleh 2006 .This shows enough renewable resource potential to meet 3 times electricity demand in Libya by the year 2050 Renewable energy hold advantages over conventional fossil fuel sources for the provision of energy in that they portend convenience and are economically effective and viable in many areas of applications. Libyan renewable energy resource consists of photovoltaic conversion of solar energy, solar thermal applications, wind energy, and Biomass Solar Energy conversion of solar energy in Libya for electricity generations could be in two forms, the utilization of photovoltaics or solar thermal application. Thermal Conversions Solar heaters were introduced in Libya in 1983 with a pilot project that included 10 systems. The effectiveness of these systems has led to installation of about 2000 additional solar heaters. Figures show that water heating consumes about 12% of energy from national electricity production however, fundamental issues limit wider application of thermal converters for water heating in Libya, these issues include; Absence of decentralised national or personal electricity generation industry. Lack of information for the people. Low electric energy tariff. Solar Photovoltaics Operating on the simple principle of direct conversion of solar power into electricity, achieved by the agitation of electrons in P-N junctions by photons which thus creates an electric current which is tapped of by conducting wires. PV resource potential within Libya is enormous; current small scale applications highlight the use of PV in the following areas; PV in Microwave Communication Networks Amongst the 500 repeater station in Libya, 9 have been run by photovoltaic systems up until the end of 1997 producing a total peak power of 10.5 KWp. Of these, four still run after 26 years of work, with minimal maintenance as the batteries which they use are open type batteries and were replaced three times with an average lifetime of eight years. With the technical and economical success of PV systems, all communication networks previously powered by diesel generators were converted to PV systems thus effectively bringing the total number of PV run station to about 80. The total installed photovoltaic peak power by 2005 was around 420 KWp. (Saleh Ibrahim et al., 2003). PV in Cathodic protection Saleh Ibrahim et al., (2004), showed it cost $1.4 to supply one KWh of daily supply load of 15 KWh for a cathodic protection (CP) station located 5 Km from a 11 KV electric grid. Also another study showed that PV systems were more convenient and economical for the production of a daily CP load of 7.5 KWh from a distance of more than 1.2 Km from the 11 KV electric grid. This highlighted the importance and value of PV systems and hence their application. Further Future Applications PV systems in Rural Electrification In Libya rural areas face electrification problems because they are far away from the national grid and it wouldnt be economical to extend electric network to low demand areas, to this end the incorporation of PV systems would be invaluable. Currently, Libya plans to electrify rural areas consist of scattered houses, villages, and water pumping with PV systems, these Villages include; Mrair Gabis village, Swaihat village, Intlat village, Beer al-Merhan village, and Wadi Marsit village (Saleh Ibrahim et al., 2006) The installation of PV systems started in the middle of 2003. The total number of systems installed by General Electric company of Libya (GECOL) is 340 with a total capacity of 220 kWp, while the ones installed by the Center of Solar Energy Studies (CSES) and the Saharan Center are 150 with a total power of 125 KWp. The applications are: 380 systems for isolated houses, 30 systems for police stations, and 100 systems for street illumination. The total peak power is 345 KWp. PV for Water pumping The use of PV systems in Water pumping portends great advantages for rural communities as remote wells which are used to supply water for human and live stock that are located in rural places. Environment: It is worthy to note that the environmental impact of PV is less than that of any other renewable (Boyle 2004), however, concerns have been showed for toxic compounds used in the production of some PV e.g. Cadmium. Economics: From the word go, PV systems have continued to improve in cost effectiveness and if such a trend keeps up, it could become a force for contention with fossil fuels. Integration: With no medium for storing of electricity and the fluctuating nature of PV generation problems accrue over integration of PV electricity to the National grid. Although, the grid is designed to cope with massive fluctuations in demand, and similarly fluctuating supply like PV considered negative loads, analyst suggest that without large amounts of cheap electricity storage PV sources cannot make major contributions (Boyle 2004). Presently the conversion efficiency of PV cells is low (15%-30%) so this may hamper possibilities. Wind Energy Since 1940, wind energy has been utilized for water pumping in many oases. The potential of this renewable energy source has not been fully harnesses in Libya especially for powering rural communities and farms and use in irrigation. 2004 Libyan measurements of the wind speed statistics showed that there is a high potential for wind energy in Libya with the average wind speed at a 40 meter height is between 6- 7.5 m/s. The Libyan government has seen the potential in wind energy generation of electricity and have contracted the the project for use of wind energy for electricity production. This project includes the installation of a 25 MW wind farm as a pilot project. Also, a project to prepare two Atlas that provide fast access to reliable solar and wind data throughout Libya is also been contracted for. The Atlas will allow for accurate analysis of the available wind and solar resources anywhere in Libya, and will be therefore be invaluable to the planning of profitable wind farms a nd solar projects. In other to meet the target of an 80% reduction in CO2 emissions by 2050, it is imperative to tackle from source electricity generation which utilises fossil fuels by the setting up of an energy policy that seeks to ensure that energy from renewable energy sources contributes 10% to Libyas electricity demand by the year 2020. As stated above, photovoltaic has been used for small and medium sized remote applications with proven economic feasibility; however, several constraints and barriers, including costs exist. The experience of rural applications shows that there is a high potential of building large scale PV plants in the south of the Mediterranean. The potential for utilizing, home grid connected photovoltaic systems, large scale grid connected electricity generation using Wind farms, and solar thermal for electricity generation is great, with capacities of several thousands of MW. At the business end, Libya can expand its electricity generation capacities from its eneormous renewable source to meet the demands of Mediterranean countries, taking advantage of its proximity to the European energy market. This can be considered as a future plan. The potential for Solar energy resources to effectively replace oil and gas has to be harnessed. Renewable energy resources portend good opportunities for technology transfer and international cooperation. In the current Libyan energy clime, the decentralised nature of renewable energy technologies make them particularly well suited for rural energy development further enhancing use of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) adopted by Kyoto Protocol in renewable energy applications that wou ld reduce CO2 emissions. For Proper development of Libyan Renewable energy potential, the following have to be met: Promotion of private investment in transfer of renewable energy technology and services. Introduce renewable energy in formal education curriculum as well as Increase informal education on all energy aspects. Development of policies that support the introduction of renewables via local, national and international partnerships Courage the international investment to invest in the industry. International cooperation that seeks to aid the development and construction of large scale solar energy applications as a pilot project. Development and support, of technical, financial, and institutional, research mechanisms for sustainable development. Development of national energy policies and regulatory frameworks that would aid in the creation of the necessary economic, social and institutional conditions in the energy sector and improve access to reliable, affordable, economically viable socially acceptable and environmentally sound energy services for sustainable development. CONCLUSION Current Libyan energy policy depicts a system that lacks efficiency in the production and consumption of energy, challenge lies in the development of energy efficiency in the various sectors with several barriers including: lack of access to technology, capacity building, and institutional issues. In other to achieve energy efficiency in both energy consumption and production sides, it is imperative to incorporate renewable energy in all energy end-using sectors, the focus is on improving equipment efficiency of services, such as heating and air conditioning equipment, appliances, lighting and motors. On the supply and production side, energy management should focus on incorporation of renewable energy in energy generation, improved industrial processes, co generation and energy recovery systems. Energy efficiency can help reducing cost, preserving natural resources and protecting the environment.. Furthermore, as Libya is a non annex I country under the UNFCCC, and a signatory to the Kyoto protocol, Libya is currently eligible for the CDM. The main emitters of CO2 in 2003 are fuel combustion in the power generation sector. Libyas energy related CO2 emissions increased by more than 78% in one decade mostly due to increased energy supply and significant reduction could be achieved if improved energy utilization efficiency by the major energy sectors is encouraged. Conclusively, The Legislative Act Number 7 of 1982 concerning the protection of the environment which is Libyas biggest environmental protection act looks into a holistic plan to protect the environment, water, land, wildlife, plants, food etc from the deleterious activities of both man and nature. This piece of legislation which has a total of 11 sections and 75 articles was promulgated by the General Peoples Congress, Libyas highest executive authority. Below are the underlisted sections of this legislation: Section 1 General Provisions Section 2 Protection of the Atmosphere Section 3 Protection of Seas and Marine Resources Section 4 Protection of Water Resources Section 5 Protection of Foodstuffs Section 6 Environmental Health Section 7 Protection from Contagious Diseases Section 8 Soils and Plant Protection Section 9 Protection of Wildlife Section 10 Interim Provisions Section 11 Penalties The import of these legislation, and strict enforcements would help Libya in meeting the 2050 target of 80% reduction in CO2 emission.